Mammals Essays - Mammal, Synapsids, Therapsids, Anteaters, Monotreme

Mammals There are three groups of mammals; egg-laying mammals ,pouched mammals and placental mammals. These three types of mammals are different for one main reason: reproductive methods. The egg-laying mammals lay eggs. The pouched mammals give birth to underdeveloped offspring. The offspring then spends time in the mother's pouch, and mature. The placental mammals keep their offspring inside them then give birth to a fully developed offspring. 2. The anteaters and spiny ant eaters were two separate kinds of mammals. the Spiny anteater lays eggs to reproduce, the anteater does not. 3. Two pouched mammals are Kangaroos and Koalas. Their young develop in pouches. 4. Mammary Glands are glands on the female mammal. They produce milk for the offspring to drink. 5. There are ten types of placental mammals. Here were their names and characteristics. Name Characteristic 1. Toothless No teeth 2. Water dwelling Live in water 3. Trunk Nosed Have trunks as noses 4. Rodent like Similar to rodents 5. Insect Eating Insects as food source 6. Flying Flying 7 Primates Ape like 8 Gnawing Eat by Gnawing 9 Flesh Eating Carnivorous 10 Even hooved Feet were hooves with even sides. 6. Whales were considered mammals for three reasons. First of all, they bear live young. Secondly they must surface for air. Lastly, they feed their young with mammary glands. 7. Sharp teeth help predators to devour their prey. 8. Primates were considered the smartest animals because they use their

Littering and pollution Essay Example

Littering and pollution Essay Example Littering and pollution Paper Littering and pollution Paper Littering is a problem in our society that is getting out of control. The population is constantly rising at a rate of 159 people per minute. It is easy to see how pollution and littering is rising with population. This relates to everyone because it affects us all in some way or another. I will explain what pollution is and where it comes from. Im going to tell you how pollution is slowly killing our society as well as environment. Will also tell you some possible nationwide and local solutions to this widespread problem. Body: I. Pollution is destructive for our society and its environment. A. What is pollution? I. Pollution is the State Of being polluted, especially the contamination Of soil, water, or the atmosphere by the discharge of harmful substances. B. How is litter and pollution destructive? I. The better question would be Why do we need to fix this problem? 1. We ill answer both of these questions. Ii. Pollution and litter are destructive to our society in many ways. 1 . Litter and pollution can harm the water supply. A. Water quality reports indicate that 45% percent of U . S. Streams, 47% of lakes, and 32% of bays are polluted. 2. Litter can attract unwanted pests to your local area, like opossums, rats, coyotes, and raccoons. A. Unwanted pests cause unwanted damage to your property. C. To find out how we can to fix this problem we need to find the source. I. Pollution and litter comes from many places. 1. In our society, litter comes from garbage, construction, and business sites. 2. In addition, it comes from 75% of Americans who admitted to littering in the past five years that dont think about the consequences of their actions. I. Do you think about what happens when you throw that little piece of trash out the car window? 1 . Probably not, but just take a second to think about that huge buck that was wandering along that ate some plastic wrapper you threw out and now you wont be able to hang his horns on your wall because he wobbled out into the middle of the woods and died. 2. How about that little puppy that is out in the yard when the little piece of trash blows over a fence and he swallows it down and suffocates. A. Actions have consequences, so think about all of the consequences your actions have. Transition: Now that we have talked about why littering is destructive and the source of this destruction, let us talk of possible ways we can fix the problem. II. There are some possible countrywide solutions. A. Country. Vide solutions would have to be easily transplanted into our society. I. I suggest that restaurants build compost boxes for food scraps. Those who build the boxes can receive tax breaks and give customers that use the compost box some kind of discount. A. This would cut down on food waste and help cut down on garbage related to food waste in restaurants. Ii. New businesses can create litterbugs that fits inside of cars in order to persuade people to stop throwing things out the window while driving down the road. 1. There can be a discount for people who use the litterbug. A. For every ten bags filled and recycled, there can be a certain amount of bags they get back free. B. There are local changes that can be proposed also. . In order to clean up the streets we could make cleaning fun. 1. For example, we could attach basketball hoops to waste cans in public. A. We could call this design Trash-Hoops and use them in the cities with the most awful pollution problems. B. This would force out the competitors in all Americans and make cleaning fun. I. There will be people who miss, but how many friends have you seen shoot a paper ball at the trash and miss, then get angry about their lack of skill, go pick up the paper then shoot it again. Ii. I propose that a new elective be made called Earth Conservation 1. In this class, students would be able to learn about conservation techniques and explore ways to cut down on waste. A. In addition, students would have the chance to practice the newly acquired knowledge and skills in their community. I. This would increase knowledge on the topic of littering and pollution, as well as benefit the community. C. There are changes being made today to help cut down on litter and pollution. I. For example, water bottles with filters help cut down on plastic bottles being thrown around and wasted. Ii. In addition, groups are ginning to form in local areas to help clean up trash and litter. Conclusion: To conclude, have told you what pollution is and how littering and pollution are destructive forces on the world. We have asked, How are they destructive? and we have found main sources of pollution. I have proposed that nationwide and local changes are made in order to help put a stop to littering and pollution. The restaurant compost boxes, litterbugs production, trash-hoops, and the elective Earth Conservation. There is a problem with the amount of pollution on the earth, I have only given some elution.

How Children Playing Sports Contributed to a Well-Rounded Child Research Paper

How Children Playing Sports Contributed to a Well-Rounded Child - Research Paper Example The energy possessed by children needs to be fully utilized in co-curricular activities such as sports. Therefore, a well-rounded child can be viewed as that child, who has totally developed physically, socially and mentally thru playing sports from early childhood (Humphrey). Having children participate in sporting activities has over time led to controversies in opinions and as such a bond of contention between educational institutions and other stake holders. Some scholars hold contrary opinions on whether or not children should participate in sports. â€Å"Critics have condemned sport for fostering excessive violence, an overemphasis on competition and winning, and the exploitation of individuals. Sport proponents have extolled the value of sport as a contributor to health, personal fulfillment, and community integration.† (School sports, Encyclopedia of Education). It is vital to have a glance at how sport produces positive results in the education sector and other settin gs for young children. Among the reasons behind these controversies is the notion that if the sports are not well organized can pose a number of dangers notably; cognitive and psychological. Kirk Ericson in his article titled, â€Å"The Negative Effects of Youth Sports† asserts thus â€Å"competitive sports may be too stressful for children; therefore a need to control what sport children play otherwise sports can be injurious. Among the effects cited in the article include; physical injuries on the bones, sprains and strains on the muscles and tendons, injuries inflicted on growth plates and heat related ailments. The other effect justifying by Shields and Gilbert is why kids should not participate in sport activities is because of early burnouts, as a result of stress reaction caused by overstraining and too much play that can dehydrate the child’s body. The article further advocates for a creation of an environment where children will be able to participate and vie w sport as a source of fun and enjoyment. The other factor against sport activities by children is that in the event of competition and play kids use large amounts of energy and therefore the planners of children sport need to engage the services of the diet and nutrition specialists to help guard against inadequate nutrition otherwise sports for children will generate more harm than good. In the contrary opinion scholars and physical education specialists cite enormous benefits gained by children in sports. As stated in one of the articles, â€Å"Numerous studies by Shields and Gilbert support the positive relationship that exists between psychological well-being and regular involvement in physical activity, especially in the areas of reduction of anxiety and depression.† Physically, sport helps children develop a well-built structure of their bodies, for example, the muscles and bones. As Brewer, asserts child development demonstrates that children develop through shared ac tivities such as sports. â€Å"Children grow in and through connections with others† supports the fundamental importance of warm, trusting, supportive and close interpersonal sport relationships to overall well-being (Brewer). Sports therefore play a major role in the social development of a child; it is through play that virtues such as cooperation, team work, discipline, trust, just play and game skills are developed. Intellectual development of

Worksheet 1 (architecture) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Worksheet 1 (architecture) - Essay Example From Old Main in the Gothic Revival style to the new Performance Hall a range of architectural design can be found. The Family Life Building built in the 1935 was Art Deco. Every building was built in a specific style. The outside might be redone, but many of the buildings are remodeled on the inside alone. Thus the buildings stay true to historical outer facades, but are updated to be modern on the inside. The Manon Caine Russell Kathryn Caine Wanlass Performance Hall is a fairly new addition to the USU. It is the USU Performance Hall. The glass, steel, and concrete geometrical form a terrific acoustical hall for performances. The 400 seat hall is perfect for sound quality. The suspension of all mechanical systems either with pads or springs detracts any vibrations or extra sounds. The Performance Hall was created solely for the best acoustical effects possible. Old Main is my favorite building for several reasons. First, the building had a fire in the 80’s. Instead of tearing the building down, the building was restored. I believe that more old buildings need to be maintained and restored instead of being torn down. Old Main has been remodeled on the interior over the years. Most things need to be maintained. Buildings are no exception. One example of a remodel is the bells. In the tower bells have been located since 1904. Today electronic bells can be heard every 15 minutes during the day. The remodels have made Old Main into a modern building on the inside, while remaining a Gothic Revival tribute on the outside. The oldest building on the Utah State University campus is Old Main. This Gothic Revival building dates back to 1889. The building has been renovated and added on to several times. The building, despite being over a hundred years old, still functions. Old Main currently houses USU administration and main offices for USA departments. The original mission of the university was to promote land-grant or agriculture. The USU was originally the

The definition and features of a marginal costing system

The definition and features of a marginal costing system Introduction The costs that vary with a decision should only be included in decision analysis. For many decisions that involve relatively small variations from existing practice and/or are for relatively limited periods of time, fixed costs are not relevant to the decision. This is because either fixed costs tend to be impossible to alter in the short term or managers are reluctant to alter them in the short term Marginal costing definition Marginal costing distinguishes between fixed costs and variable costs as conventionally classified. The marginal cost of a product -is its variable cost. This is normally taken to be, direct labor, direct material, direct expenses and the variable part of overheads. What is Marginal Costing? It is a costing technique where only variable cost or direct cost will be charged to the cost unit produced. Marginal costing also shows the effect on profit of changes in volume and type of output by differentiating between fixed variable costs. Salient Points: Marginal costing involves ascertaining marginal costs. Since marginal costs are direct cost, this costing technique is also known as direct costing; In marginal costing, fixed costs are never charged to production. They are treated as period charge and is written off to the profit and loss account in the period incurred; Once marginal cost is ascertained contribution can be computed. Contribution is the excess of revenue over marginal costs. The marginal cost statement is the basic document/format to capture the marginal costs. Features of Marginal Costing System: It is a method of recording costs and reporting profits; All operating costs are differentiated into fixed and variable costs; Variable cost charged to product and treated as a product cost whilst Fixed cost treated as period cost and written off to the profit and loss account Advantages Marginal costing is simple to understand. By not charging fixed overhead to cost of production, the effect of varying charges per unit is avoided. It prevents the illogical carry forward in stock valuation of some proportion of current years fixed overhead. The effects of alternative sales or production policies can be more readily available and assessed, and decisions taken would yield the maximum return to business. It eliminates large balances left in overhead control accounts which indicate the difficulty of ascertaining an accurate overhead recovery rate. Practical cost control is greatly facilitated. By avoiding arbitrary allocation of fixed overhead, efforts can be concentrated on maintaining a uniform and consistent marginal cost. It is useful to various levels of management. It helps in short-term profit planning by breakeven and profitability analysis, both in terms of quantity and graphs. Comparative profitability and performance between two or more products and divisions can easily be assessed and brought to the notice of management for decision making. Disadvantages The separation of costs into fixed and variable is difficult and sometimes gives misleading results. Normal costing systems also apply overhead under normal operating volume and this shows that no advantage is gained by marginal costing. Under marginal costing, stocks and work in progress are understated. The exclusion of fixed costs from inventories affect profit and true and fair view of financial affairs of an organization may not be clearly transparent. Volume variance in standard costing also discloses the effect of fluctuating output on fixed overhead. Marginal cost data becomes unrealistic in case of highly fluctuating levels of production, e.g., in case of seasonal factories. Application of fixed overhead depends on estimates and not on the actual and as such there may be under or over absorption of the same. Control affected by means of budgetary control is also accepted by many. In order to know the net profit, we should not be satisfied with contribution and hence, fixed overhead is also a valuable item. A system which ignores fixed costs is less effective since a major portion of fixed cost is not taken care of under marginal costing. In practice, sales price, fixed cost and variable cost per unit may vary. Thus, the assumptions underlying the theory of marginal costing sometimes becomes unrealistic. For long term profit planning, absorption costing is the only answer. Marginal Costing Formulae:- MARGINAL COST = VARIABLE COST DIRECT LABOUR + DIRECT MATERIAL + DIRECT EXPENSE + VARIABLE OVERHEADS Theory of Marginal Costing The theory of marginal costing as set out in A report on Marginal Costing. In relation to a given volume of output, additional output can normally be obtained at less than proportionate cost because within limits, the aggregate of certain items of cost will tend to remain fixed and only the aggregate of the remainder will tend to rise proportionately with an increase in output. Conversely, a decrease in the volume of output will normally be accompanied by less than proportionate fall in the aggregate cost. The theory of marginal costing may, therefore, by understood in the following two steps: If the volume of output increases, the cost per unit in normal circumstances reduces. Conversely, if an output reduces, the cost per unit increases. If a factory produces 1000 units at a total cost of Rs. 3,000 and if by increasing the output by one unit the cost goes up to Rs. 3,002, the marginal cost of additional output will be Rs.2. If an increase in output is more than one, the total increase in cost divided by the total increase in output will give the average marginal cost per unit. If, for example, the output is increased to 1020 units from 1000 units and the total cost to produce these units is Rs. 1,045, the average marginal cost per unit is Rs. 2.25. It can be described as follows: Additional cost = Additional units Rs. 45 = Rs. 2.25   Ã‚  Ã‚  20 The ascertainment of marginal cost is based on the classification and segregation of cost into fixed and variable cost. In order to understand the marginal costing technique, it is essential to understand the meaning of marginal cost. Marginal cost means the cost of the marginal or last unit produced. It is also defined as the cost of one more or one less unit produced besides existing level of production. In this connection, a unit may mean a single commodity, a dozen, a gross or any other measure of goods. For example, if a manufacturing firm produces X unit at a cost of Rs. 300 and X+1 units at a cost of Rs. 320, the cost of an additional unit will be Rs. 20 which is marginal cost. Similarly if the production of X-1 units comes down to Rs. 280, the cost of marginal unit will be Rs. 20 (300-280). The marginal cost varies directly with the volume of production and marginal cost per unit remains the same. It consists of prime cost, i.e. cost of direct materials, direct labor and all variable overheads. It does not contain any element of fixed cost which is kept separate under marginal cost technique. Marginal costing May be defined as the technique of presenting cost data wherein variable costs and fixed costs are shown separately for managerial decision-making. It should be clearly understood that marginal costing is not a method of costing like process costing or job costing. Rather it is simply a method or technique of the analysis of cost information for the guidance of management which tries to find out an effect on profit due to changes in the volume of output. Marginal costing technique has given birth to a very useful concept of contribution where contribution is given by: Sales revenue less variable cost (marginal cost) Contribution may be defined as the profit before the recovery of fixed costs. Thus, contribution goes toward the recovery of fixed cost and profit, and is equal to fixed cost plus profit (C = F + P). In case a firm neither makes profit nor suffers loss, contribution will be just equal to fixed cost (C = F). this is known as breakeven point. The concept of contribution is very useful in marginal costing. It has a fixed relation with sales. The proportion of contribution to sales is known as P/V ratio which remains the same under given conditions of production and sales. The principles of marginal costing The principles of marginal costing are as follows. For any given period of time, fixed costs will be the same, for any volume of sales and production (provided that the level of activity is within the relevant range). Therefore, by selling an extra item of product or service the following will happen. Revenue will increase by the sales value of the item sold. Costs will increase by the variable cost per unit. Profit will increase by the amount of contribution earned from the extra item. Similarly, if the volume of sales falls by one item, the profit will fall by the amount of contribution earned from the item. Profit measurement should therefore be based on an analysis of total contribution. Since fixed costs relate to a period of time, and do not change with increases or decreases in sales volume, it is misleading to charge units of sale with a share of fixed costs. When a unit of product is made, the extra costs incurred in its manufacture are the variable production costs. Fixed costs are unaffected, and no extra fixed costs are incurred when output is increased. Features of Marginal Costing The main features of marginal costing are as follows: Cost Classification The marginal costing technique makes a sharp distinction between variable costs and fixed costs. It is the variable cost on the basis of which production and sales policies are designed by a firm following the marginal costing technique. Stock/Inventory Valuation Under marginal costing, inventory/stock for profit measurement is valued at marginal cost. It is in sharp contrast to the total unit cost under absorption costing method. Marginal Contribution Marginal costing technique makes use of marginal contribution for marking various decisions. Marginal contribution is the difference between sales and marginal cost. It forms the basis for judging the profitability of different products or departments. Presentation of Cost Data under Marginal Costing Marginal costing is not a method of costing but a technique of presentation of sales and cost data with a view to guide management in decision-making. The traditional technique popularly known as total cost or absorption costing technique does not make any difference between variable and fixed cost in the calculation of profits. But marginal cost statement very clearly indicates this difference in arriving at the net operational results of a firm. Following presentation of two Performa shows the difference between the presentation of information according to absorption and marginal costing techniques: Summary Marginal cost is the cost management technique for the analysis of cost and revenue information and for the guidance of management. The presentation of information through marginal costing statement is easily understood by all mangers, even those who do not have preliminary knowledge and implications of the subjects of cost and management accounting.

The Olive Branch :: essays research papers

The Olive Branch   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å" Like dragonflies their [dead bodies] have filled the river. Like a raft they have moved to the edge [of the boat]. Like a raft they have moved to a river bank † (flood-myth.com, 3/15/00).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Whether the above is fact, fiction, myth, or legend it appears that all civilizations have a strong fascination with The Deluge. Bible believers feel that it was an act of God, who intern wanted to cleanse the earth of immoral people and evildoers. Chosen survivors, for example Noah, as well as present day Christians believe that the Flood was a marking point for a new covenant between God and themselves. However, the myths that have accumulated from each culture provide great colorful characters and death defying heros against the angst of the gods.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Often times the bible is compared to the â€Å"Gilgamesh Epic†, which is the oldest fictional novel known to man. The Babylonian epic tells a similar story of the flood. The gods within the story are very angered by humankind’s behavior. So they decided to punish them a flood. Ea, a Babylonian God, disagrees with extremely harsh treatment. He then instructs Utnapishtim to flee with his family and all the animals on a boat. This basic myth emerges from the â€Å"Gilgamesh Epic† but neighboring civilization, such as Sumeria, retell the same with different protagonist gods.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Traveling east into China the flood legend seems to take on a new meaning. The myth is recorded around 1000 b.c. by the Chou Dynasty. â€Å"The main difference between the Chinese flood myth and that of Western cultures seems to be the emphasis on why there was a flood. In the Western Myths the floods are brought about because of the anger of the gods, or at a whim of the gods, while in the Chinese myth the emphasis is on a very practical matter, the channeling of unruly waters in such a way to make the cultivation of land possible.†( cybercomm.com ,15 March) In other words, the purpose of the flood was to create better farm land. There was no sense of divine intervention.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Continuing east, the story picks up in the Mayan ruins. The â€Å"Popol-Vuh† , the Mayans sacred book, relates the tale of the destruction from flood. They felt that the purpose of the flood was to remedy the faulty creation of man, not to punish to mankind. The Feathered Serpent, who is the Mayan creator, first created man from mud, but they were without sight or substance.

“Barbie Doll” by Marge Piercy Essay

The poem, â€Å"Barbie Doll†, is about a girl who was growing up in a society which regard highly of female beauty. The title illustrates that most females were expected to be like Barbie dolls. These dolls cast pressure on the girl to be like supermodel. In this story, the girl failed to meet the standards of society and viewed as a social outcast.The first paragraph describes a growing girl who was presented with dolls, miniature GE stoves, irons and lipsticks. This will ensure that the girl will know which gender roles she should be and not too deviate from the accepted social custom. The mood of the poem changes when the author describes, the magic of puberty. Here, it refers to a time of emotional crisis that the girl went through as she matures. She is constantly teased for not looking like the typical Barbie dolls. The second paragraph began with mentioning the girls positive aspects, such as She was healthy, tested intelligent, possesses strong arms and back and abundant sexual drive and manual dexterity, These sentences portray the girl image (female) to male characteristics. The tome in the poem changes again when the author stated, the girl went to and fro apologizing, and everyone still say she had a fat nose and thick legs, the society again, scorn at the ugly appearance of the girl. In the third paragraph, line twelve to sixteen, the girl is expected to fake her natural behavior, emotion and characteristics. The fan belt was used to exemplify that one cannot endure the pressure placed by society to meet their standards and will wear out eventually. Consequently, she cut off her nose and legs. Therefore, the last paragraph expressed her death as consummation at last. Dont she look pretty? Everyone said. In this line, the author wants the reader to make good judgment to the senseless situation in which society judge beauty to female. I think that children, especially boys, are not born with hatred or feelings of enmity towards female who have physical figures below social standards. They are all programmed that way by selfish or ignorant male adults. If these male adults can only take a look at themselves and see that all they have done is to destroy. The lives of their opposite sex, driving down their  self-esteem to the deepest pit, then this society will be a better place to live in.